Since the publication of the last review paper devoted to the mechanochemical treatment of eggshell waste, a few new works have appeared, which are reviewed here to underline the sustainable character of the proposed methodology. Among other options, the mechanochemical pretreatment has found an inevitable place. For the majority of the above-mentioned applications, the pretreatment of the eggshell waste is necessary. Finally, both ES and ESM are suitable for medical applications, as the former can be used as an inexpensive Ca 2+ source for the development of medications, particles for drug delivery, organic matrix/mineral nanocomposites as potential tissue scaffolds, food supplements and the latter for the treatment of joint diseases, in reparative medicine and vascular graft producing. Due to the high protein content and the presence of functional groups on the surface, ESM can be easily converted to a high-performance electrode material. The eggshell and its membrane are applicable in electrochemistry as well. These bionanocomposites are also capable of heavy metal ions reduction and can be also used for the ozonation process. Such composites are suitable for application in photocatalysis. In inorganic chemistry, the eggshell membrane is very often used as a templating agent for nanoparticles production. Upon proper treatment, it can be used for turning waste oils into biodiesel and moreover, the catalytic effect of eggshell-based material in organic synthesis is also very beneficial. The most studied field with regards to the potential use of eggshell waste is catalysis. This review article aims to summarize the recent reports utilizing eggshell waste for very diverse purposes, stressing the need to use a mechanochemical approach to broaden its applications. Despite the unique properties that both its components (eggshell, ES, and eggshell membrane, ESM) possess, it is very often discarded without further use.
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Eggshell waste is among the most abundant waste materials coming from food processing technologies.